{"id":23,"date":"2022-10-10T14:30:23","date_gmt":"2022-10-10T12:30:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/?page_id=23"},"modified":"2022-11-23T14:06:39","modified_gmt":"2022-11-23T13:06:39","slug":"about-power-quality","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/sv\/om-elkvalitet\/","title":{"rendered":"Om elkvalitet"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"23\" class=\"elementor elementor-23\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-11346e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"11346e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ca1fcc6\" data-id=\"ca1fcc6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-075fe5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"075fe5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Om elkvalitet<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-440b6d1 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"440b6d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Elkvalitet \u00e4r ett samlingsbegrepp f\u00f6r st\u00f6rningsfri elleverans. Avvikelse fr\u00e5n sp\u00e4nningens sinusformade v\u00e5gform (50 Hz) som medf\u00f6r att utrustning st\u00f6rs eller g\u00e5r s\u00f6nder \u00e4r att betrakta som en elkvalitetsst\u00f6rning. Detta inneb\u00e4r att ju k\u00e4nsligare utrustning som kopplas in p\u00e5 eln\u00e4tet, desto h\u00f6gre krav st\u00e4lls p\u00e5 elkvalitet och en st\u00f6rningsfri milj\u00f6.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a556f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"9a556f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/sv\/kontakt\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Kontakta oss<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3b6f44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3b6f44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4dea815\" data-id=\"4dea815\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c978f5f elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-laptop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"c978f5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2111\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2111\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Sp\u00e4nningsdippar<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2111\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2111\"><h4><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-576\" src=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.topborndev.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningsdipp-copy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningsdipp-copy.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningsdipp-copy-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/h4><h4>Sp\u00e4nningsdippar<\/h4><p>Med dippar avses sp\u00e4nningss\u00e4nkningar som \u00e4r djupare \u00e4n 10 procent av nominell sp\u00e4nningsniv\u00e5 och som har en varaktighet l\u00e4ngre \u00e4n 20 ms (en period). Dippar \u00e4r j\u00e4mf\u00f6rt med transienter en l\u00e5ngsammare st\u00f6rning som d\u00e4rmed f\u00e5r genomslag p\u00e5 sp\u00e4nningens effektivv\u00e4rde.<\/p><h4>St\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor<\/h4><p>Vanliga st\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor som ger upphov till sp\u00e4nningsdippar \u00e4r \u00e5ska, jordfel, kortslutningar, motorstarter, pumpar, valsverk och svetsmaskiner.<\/p><h4>Konsekvenser<\/h4><p>I samband med en sp\u00e4nningsdipp uppst\u00e5r ett energiunderskott som inneb\u00e4r st\u00f6rning p\u00e5 elektronik, styrsystem, datorer, robotar mm. Andra konsekvenser \u00e4r driftst\u00f6rning p\u00e5 frekvensomriktare, blinkning i belysning, st\u00f6rningar i v\u00e4rme\/gjutprocesser, maskinhaverier, produktionsstopp mm. Man har \u00e4ven p\u00e5visat att sp\u00e4nningsdippar kan ge upphov till str\u00f6mrusningar i elektroniska apparater som riskerar att skadas av detta.<\/p><h4>Kostnader<\/h4><p>Totalt ber\u00e4knas sp\u00e4nningsdippar tillsammans med korta avbrott (kortare \u00e4n 3 min) kosta svenska elkunder 1400 Mkr per \u00e5r (UPN, 2006). H\u00e5rdast drabbad \u00e4r process- och verkstadsindustri, d\u00e4r olika typer av driftstopp medf\u00f6r stora ekonomiska f\u00f6rluster.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2112\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2112\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Sp\u00e4nningsh\u00f6jningar<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2112\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2112\"><h4><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-578\" src=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.topborndev.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningshojning-copy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningshojning-copy.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningshojning-copy-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/h4><h4>Sp\u00e4nningsh\u00f6jningar (swell)<\/h4><p>Med sp\u00e4nningsh\u00f6jningar avses kortvariga sp\u00e4nningsh\u00f6jningar som \u00f6verstiger 3 procent av nominell sp\u00e4nning och med en varaktighet l\u00e4ngre \u00e4n 20 ms (en period).<\/p><h4>St\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor<\/h4><p>Inkoppling av kondensatorbatterier, urkoppling av reaktorer, felkompensering, d\u00e5lig jordning, mm.<\/p><h4>Konsekvenser<\/h4><p>\u00c5terkommande sp\u00e4nningsh\u00f6jningar leder till utmattning av isolationsmaterial vilket i f\u00f6rl\u00e4ngningen kan medf\u00f6ra isolationsfel och f\u00f6ljande haveri i apparater. Enstaka h\u00f6ga sp\u00e4nningsh\u00f6jningar kan orsaka mer direkta fel, s\u00e5som genomslag och andra isolationsfel.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2113\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2113\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Transienter<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2113\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2113\"><h4><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-579\" src=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.topborndev.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/transienter-copy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/transienter-copy.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/transienter-copy-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/h4><h4>Transienter<\/h4><p>Transienter \u00e4r snabba, positiva eller negativa sp\u00e4nningsspikar som har en varaktighet mindre \u00e4n 20 ms (en period) och med andra ord \u00e4r en snabbare sp\u00e4nningsf\u00f6r\u00e4ndring \u00e4n exempelvis sp\u00e4nningsdippar.<\/p><h4 class=\"p1\">St\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor<\/h4><p>Transienter orsakas av \u00e5ska, in-\/urkoppling av kondensatorbatterier, omkopplingar i n\u00e4tet mm.<\/p><h4 class=\"p1\">Konsekvenser<\/h4><p>Apparathaverier, st\u00f6rning p\u00e5 elektronik, styrsystem, datorer, driftst\u00f6rning p\u00e5 frekvensomriktare mm. Transienter som bryter igenom noll-genomg\u00e5ngen kan orsaka st\u00f6rningar p\u00e5 synkroniseringsapparatur som triggar p\u00e5 just noll-genomg\u00e5ngen.<\/p><h4>Kostnader<\/h4><p>Transienter ber\u00e4knas kosta svenska elkunder 460 Mkr per \u00e5r (UPN, 2006) (det \u00e4r m\u00f6jligt att \u00e4ven kostnader f\u00f6r sp\u00e4nningsh\u00f6jningar inkluderas).<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2114\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2114\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u00d6vertoner<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2114\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2114\"><h4><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-577\" src=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.topborndev.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/overtoner-copy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/overtoner-copy.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/overtoner-copy-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/h4><h4>\u00d6vertoner<\/h4><p>\u00d6vertoner utg\u00f6rs av sp\u00e4nning och str\u00f6m med annan frekvens \u00e4n grundtonen (50 Hz). Genom att \u00f6vertoner f\u00f6rekommer i eln\u00e4tet f\u00f6rvr\u00e4ngs sp\u00e4nningens och str\u00f6mmens v\u00e5gform och ursprungliga sinusform. N\u00e4r man i dessa sammanhang talar om \u00f6vertoner avses normalt sett de harmoniska \u00f6vertonerna, dvs \u00f6vertoner som \u00e4r heltalsmultiplar av grundtonen. Den vanligaste m\u00e4tparametern f\u00f6r \u00f6vertoner \u00e4r THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) som \u00e4r ett m\u00e5tt p\u00e5 den samlade \u00f6vertonshalten.<\/p><h4>St\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor<\/h4><p>Alla olinj\u00e4ra laster ger upphov till \u00f6vertoner. Exempel p\u00e5 detta \u00e4r datorer, l\u00e5genergilampor, switchade n\u00e4taggregat, frekvensomriktare, ljusb\u00e5gsugnar mm. Om man m\u00e4ter upp h\u00f6ga halter kan detta vara en indikator p\u00e5 trasiga \u00f6vertonsfilter.<\/p><h4>Konsekvenser<\/h4><p>F\u00f6rs\u00e4mrad verkningsgrad i motorer, \u00f6kade energif\u00f6rluster, varmg\u00e5ng i motorer, \u00f6verlast av transformatorer och annan utrustning, resonans resulterande i \u00f6verstr\u00f6mmar eller \u00f6versp\u00e4nningar, st\u00f6rning p\u00e5 elektronik och styrsystem, str\u00f6mmar i noll-ledare mm.<\/p><h4>Kostnader<\/h4><p>F\u00f6r svenska elkunder uppg\u00e5r den totala \u00e5rlig kostnad f\u00f6r \u00f6vertonsrelaterade st\u00f6rningar till 345 Mkr (UPN, 2006). H\u00e5rdast drabbad \u00e4r verkstads- och processindustri.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2115\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2115\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Obalans<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2115\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2115\"><h4><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-580\" src=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.topborndev.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/obalans-copy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/obalans-copy.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/obalans-copy-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/h4><h4>Obalans<\/h4><p>Obalans \u00e4r att sp\u00e4nningen i de tre faserna ej \u00e4r lika. Den uppst\u00e5r genom snedbelastning mellan de 3 faserna i ett 3-fassystem. Snedbelastningen orsakas av att 1-fasiga och 2-fasiga laster \u00e4r oj\u00e4mnt f\u00f6rdelade och lastar olika faser olika h\u00e5rt. Obalans ber\u00e4knas som kvoten mellan negativ och positiv fasf\u00f6ljdskomponent.<\/p><h4>St\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor<\/h4><p>Problemen med obalans har p\u00e5 senare \u00e5r \u00f6kat i takt med att st\u00f6rre hush\u00e5llsapparater, s\u00e5som tv\u00e4ttmaskiner och diskmaskiner, allt oftare \u00e4r 1-fasiga ist\u00e4llet f\u00f6r 3-fasiga. Andra k\u00e4llor till obalans kan vara t\u00e5g, ljusb\u00e5gsugnar eller vridna transmissionsledningar.<\/p><h4 class=\"p1\">Konsekvenser<\/h4><p>Str\u00f6mmar i 0-ledare, uppv\u00e4rmning, verkningsgraden i 3-fasmotorer minskar, sp\u00e4nningsomriktare som matas med osymmetrisk sp\u00e4nning kan ge upphov till \u00f6vertoner.<\/p><h4>Kostnader<\/h4><p>Obalans medf\u00f6r maskinhaverier, f\u00f6rkortad livsl\u00e4ngd p\u00e5 maskiner, samt \u00f6kade energif\u00f6rluster mm. Kostnadsber\u00e4kningar f\u00f6r denna parameter saknas.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2116\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2116\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Flimmer<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2116\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2116\"><h4><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-581\" src=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.topborndev.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/flimmer-copy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/flimmer-copy.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/flimmer-copy-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/h4><h4>Flimmer<\/h4><p>Flimmer \u00e4r ett m\u00e5tt p\u00e5 fluktuationer (upprepade variationer) i sp\u00e4nningen, som resulterar i att lampor blinkar eller upplevs pulsera. Dessa fluktuationer uppst\u00e5r genom frekvent inkoppling och urkoppling av laster, ofta i kombination med ett svagt n\u00e4t.<\/p><h4>St\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor<\/h4><p>St\u00f6rk\u00e4llor som orsakar flimmer \u00e4r svetsar, ljusb\u00e5gsugnar, v\u00e4rmepumpar, induktionsh\u00e4llar, bilskrotsanl\u00e4ggningar, valsverk mm.<\/p><h4 class=\"p1\">Konsekvenser<\/h4><p>Vid h\u00f6ga flimmerhalter upplevs flimmer som psykiskt irriterande. Den breda utbyggnaden av v\u00e4rmepumpar har haft en stor p\u00e5verkan p\u00e5 antalet drabbade abonnenter. Vanligast \u00e4r dock att den enskilde abonnenten st\u00f6r sig sj\u00e4lv.<\/p><h4>Kostnader<\/h4><p>Framf\u00f6rallt drabbas hush\u00e5llskunder p\u00e5 svaga n\u00e4t. Den direkt ekonomiska p\u00e5verkan \u00e4r sv\u00e5r att ber\u00e4kna d\u00e5 sp\u00e4nningsspr\u00e5ng orsakar minskad produktivitet.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2117\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2117\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Sp\u00e4nningsspr\u00e5ng<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2117\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2117\"><h4><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-582\" src=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.topborndev.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningssprang-copy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningssprang-copy.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningssprang-copy-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/h4><h4>Sp\u00e4nningsspr\u00e5ng (RVC \u2013 rapid voltage change)<\/h4><p>Sp\u00e4nningsspr\u00e5ng \u00e4r en parameter som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r att betrakta sp\u00e4nningsf\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar som \u00e4r st\u00f6rre \u00e4n 3 procent och mindre \u00e4n 10 procent. Detta har tillkommit som ett komplement till flimmer och sp\u00e4nningsdippar d\u00e4r dess ursprungliga syfte har varit att f\u00e5nga enstaka (ej cykliska) men vanligt f\u00f6rekommande st\u00f6rningar som ger upphov till blink i lamporna.<\/p><h4>St\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor<\/h4><p>Omkopplingar, start av motorer, svetsar, induktionsh\u00e4llar, mm.<\/p><h4 class=\"p1\">Konsekvenser<\/h4><p>Elektriskt \u00e4r konsekvenserna av sp\u00e4nningsspr\u00e5ng i regel sm\u00e5, d\u00e4remot s\u00e5 upplevs dessa, likt flimmer, som psykiskt p\u00e5frestande d\u00e5 dessa ger upphov till blink i lamporna.<\/p><h4>Kostnader<\/h4><p>Framf\u00f6rallt drabbas hush\u00e5llskunder p\u00e5 svaga n\u00e4t. Den direkt ekonomiska p\u00e5verkan \u00e4r sv\u00e5r att ber\u00e4kna d\u00e5 sp\u00e4nningsspr\u00e5ng orsakar minskad produktivitet.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2118\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2118\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Frekvensavvikelser<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2118\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2118\"><h4><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-583\" src=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.topborndev.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/frekvensstorning-copy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/frekvensstorning-copy.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/frekvensstorning-copy-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/h4><h4>Frekvensavvikelser<\/h4><p>En typ av st\u00f6rning som har blivit allt mer uppm\u00e4rksammad p\u00e5 senare \u00e5r \u00e4r frekvensavvikelser. Detta speciellt sedan att man med vindkraft och v\u00e4rmekraftverk har f\u00e5tt en allt mer distribuerad generering, dvs utrustning med k\u00e4nsliga frekvensskydd. Om en st\u00f6rre last kopplas bort, alternativt en st\u00f6rre kraftanl\u00e4ggning abrupt faller ur uppst\u00e5r ett tillf\u00e4lligt \u00f6ver-, respektive underskott av energiproduktion i systemet som i sin tur st\u00f6r frekvensen. \u00c4ven om frekvensst\u00f6rningar i sig \u00e4r relativt ovanliga s\u00e5 blir konsekvensen desto mer omfattande n\u00e4r den v\u00e4l sker eftersom st\u00f6rningen sl\u00e5r igenom i hela eln\u00e4tet. 1 december 2005 kunde man tydligt se hur en st\u00f6rning i Norrland slog igenom i hela landet med omfattande konsekvenser f\u00f6r s\u00e5v\u00e4l Sverige som Norge.<\/p><h4>St\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor<\/h4><p>Frekvensst\u00f6rning uppst\u00e5r vid abrupt bortkoppling av st\u00f6rre kraftgenerering, exempelvis n\u00e4r st\u00f6rre vattenkraft- eller k\u00e4rnkraftanl\u00e4ggning faller ur.<\/p><h4 class=\"p1\">Konsekvenser<\/h4><p>Motorer och generatorer med frekvensskydd riskerar att kopplas bort. Viktigt \u00e4r att frekvensskydden f\u00f6r utrustningen \u00e4r korrekt st\u00e4llda utifr\u00e5n de frekvensavvikelser som f\u00f6rekommer i n\u00e4tet och de krav som utrustningen i sig har. Speciellt v\u00e4rmekraftverk har visat sig k\u00e4nsliga f\u00f6r denna typ av st\u00f6rning.<\/p><h4>Kostnader<\/h4><p>Kostnadsbr\u00e4kningar f\u00f6r denna parameter saknas.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81a5d7d elementor-tabs-view-vertical elementor-widget-mobile__width-inherit elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"81a5d7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Sp\u00e4nningsdippar<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Sp\u00e4nningsh\u00f6jningar<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1353\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Transienter<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1354\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\u00d6vertoner<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1355\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Obalans<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1356\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Flimmer<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1357\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1357\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Sp\u00e4nningsspr\u00e5ng<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1358\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1358\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Frekvensavvikelser<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Sp\u00e4nningsdippar<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1351\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><h4><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-576\" src=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.topborndev.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningsdipp-copy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningsdipp-copy.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningsdipp-copy-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/h4><h4>Sp\u00e4nningsdippar<\/h4><p>Med dippar avses sp\u00e4nningss\u00e4nkningar som \u00e4r djupare \u00e4n 10 procent av nominell sp\u00e4nningsniv\u00e5 och som har en varaktighet l\u00e4ngre \u00e4n 20 ms (en period). Dippar \u00e4r j\u00e4mf\u00f6rt med transienter en l\u00e5ngsammare st\u00f6rning som d\u00e4rmed f\u00e5r genomslag p\u00e5 sp\u00e4nningens effektivv\u00e4rde.<\/p><h4>St\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor<\/h4><p>Vanliga st\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor som ger upphov till sp\u00e4nningsdippar \u00e4r \u00e5ska, jordfel, kortslutningar, motorstarter, pumpar, valsverk och svetsmaskiner.<\/p><h4>Konsekvenser<\/h4><p>I samband med en sp\u00e4nningsdipp uppst\u00e5r ett energiunderskott som inneb\u00e4r st\u00f6rning p\u00e5 elektronik, styrsystem, datorer, robotar mm. Andra konsekvenser \u00e4r driftst\u00f6rning p\u00e5 frekvensomriktare, blinkning i belysning, st\u00f6rningar i v\u00e4rme\/gjutprocesser, maskinhaverier, produktionsstopp mm. Man har \u00e4ven p\u00e5visat att sp\u00e4nningsdippar kan ge upphov till str\u00f6mrusningar i elektroniska apparater som riskerar att skadas av detta.<\/p><h4>Kostnader<\/h4><p>Totalt ber\u00e4knas sp\u00e4nningsdippar tillsammans med korta avbrott (kortare \u00e4n 3 min) kosta svenska elkunder 1400 Mkr per \u00e5r (UPN, 2006). H\u00e5rdast drabbad \u00e4r process- och verkstadsindustri, d\u00e4r olika typer av driftstopp medf\u00f6r stora ekonomiska f\u00f6rluster.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Sp\u00e4nningsh\u00f6jningar<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1352\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><h4><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-578\" src=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.topborndev.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningshojning-copy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningshojning-copy.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningshojning-copy-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/h4><h4>Sp\u00e4nningsh\u00f6jningar (swell)<\/h4><p>Med sp\u00e4nningsh\u00f6jningar avses kortvariga sp\u00e4nningsh\u00f6jningar som \u00f6verstiger 3 procent av nominell sp\u00e4nning och med en varaktighet l\u00e4ngre \u00e4n 20 ms (en period).<\/p><h4>St\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor<\/h4><p>Inkoppling av kondensatorbatterier, urkoppling av reaktorer, felkompensering, d\u00e5lig jordning, mm.<\/p><h4>Konsekvenser<\/h4><p>\u00c5terkommande sp\u00e4nningsh\u00f6jningar leder till utmattning av isolationsmaterial vilket i f\u00f6rl\u00e4ngningen kan medf\u00f6ra isolationsfel och f\u00f6ljande haveri i apparater. Enstaka h\u00f6ga sp\u00e4nningsh\u00f6jningar kan orsaka mer direkta fel, s\u00e5som genomslag och andra isolationsfel.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1353\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Transienter<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1353\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1353\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><h4><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-579\" src=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.topborndev.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/transienter-copy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/transienter-copy.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/transienter-copy-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/h4><h4>Transienter<\/h4><p>Transienter \u00e4r snabba, positiva eller negativa sp\u00e4nningsspikar som har en varaktighet mindre \u00e4n 20 ms (en period) och med andra ord \u00e4r en snabbare sp\u00e4nningsf\u00f6r\u00e4ndring \u00e4n exempelvis sp\u00e4nningsdippar.<\/p><h4 class=\"p1\">St\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor<\/h4><p>Transienter orsakas av \u00e5ska, in-\/urkoppling av kondensatorbatterier, omkopplingar i n\u00e4tet mm.<\/p><h4 class=\"p1\">Konsekvenser<\/h4><p>Apparathaverier, st\u00f6rning p\u00e5 elektronik, styrsystem, datorer, driftst\u00f6rning p\u00e5 frekvensomriktare mm. Transienter som bryter igenom noll-genomg\u00e5ngen kan orsaka st\u00f6rningar p\u00e5 synkroniseringsapparatur som triggar p\u00e5 just noll-genomg\u00e5ngen.<\/p><h4>Kostnader<\/h4><p>Transienter ber\u00e4knas kosta svenska elkunder 460 Mkr per \u00e5r (UPN, 2006) (det \u00e4r m\u00f6jligt att \u00e4ven kostnader f\u00f6r sp\u00e4nningsh\u00f6jningar inkluderas).<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1354\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\u00d6vertoner<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1354\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1354\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><h4><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-577\" src=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.topborndev.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/overtoner-copy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/overtoner-copy.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/overtoner-copy-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/h4><h4>\u00d6vertoner<\/h4><p>\u00d6vertoner utg\u00f6rs av sp\u00e4nning och str\u00f6m med annan frekvens \u00e4n grundtonen (50 Hz). Genom att \u00f6vertoner f\u00f6rekommer i eln\u00e4tet f\u00f6rvr\u00e4ngs sp\u00e4nningens och str\u00f6mmens v\u00e5gform och ursprungliga sinusform. N\u00e4r man i dessa sammanhang talar om \u00f6vertoner avses normalt sett de harmoniska \u00f6vertonerna, dvs \u00f6vertoner som \u00e4r heltalsmultiplar av grundtonen. Den vanligaste m\u00e4tparametern f\u00f6r \u00f6vertoner \u00e4r THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) som \u00e4r ett m\u00e5tt p\u00e5 den samlade \u00f6vertonshalten.<\/p><h4>St\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor<\/h4><p>Alla olinj\u00e4ra laster ger upphov till \u00f6vertoner. Exempel p\u00e5 detta \u00e4r datorer, l\u00e5genergilampor, switchade n\u00e4taggregat, frekvensomriktare, ljusb\u00e5gsugnar mm. Om man m\u00e4ter upp h\u00f6ga halter kan detta vara en indikator p\u00e5 trasiga \u00f6vertonsfilter.<\/p><h4>Konsekvenser<\/h4><p>F\u00f6rs\u00e4mrad verkningsgrad i motorer, \u00f6kade energif\u00f6rluster, varmg\u00e5ng i motorer, \u00f6verlast av transformatorer och annan utrustning, resonans resulterande i \u00f6verstr\u00f6mmar eller \u00f6versp\u00e4nningar, st\u00f6rning p\u00e5 elektronik och styrsystem, str\u00f6mmar i noll-ledare mm.<\/p><h4>Kostnader<\/h4><p>F\u00f6r svenska elkunder uppg\u00e5r den totala \u00e5rlig kostnad f\u00f6r \u00f6vertonsrelaterade st\u00f6rningar till 345 Mkr (UPN, 2006). H\u00e5rdast drabbad \u00e4r verkstads- och processindustri.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1355\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Obalans<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1355\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1355\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><h4><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-580\" src=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.topborndev.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/obalans-copy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/obalans-copy.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/obalans-copy-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/h4><h4>Obalans<\/h4><p>Obalans \u00e4r att sp\u00e4nningen i de tre faserna ej \u00e4r lika. Den uppst\u00e5r genom snedbelastning mellan de 3 faserna i ett 3-fassystem. Snedbelastningen orsakas av att 1-fasiga och 2-fasiga laster \u00e4r oj\u00e4mnt f\u00f6rdelade och lastar olika faser olika h\u00e5rt. Obalans ber\u00e4knas som kvoten mellan negativ och positiv fasf\u00f6ljdskomponent.<\/p><h4>St\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor<\/h4><p>Problemen med obalans har p\u00e5 senare \u00e5r \u00f6kat i takt med att st\u00f6rre hush\u00e5llsapparater, s\u00e5som tv\u00e4ttmaskiner och diskmaskiner, allt oftare \u00e4r 1-fasiga ist\u00e4llet f\u00f6r 3-fasiga. Andra k\u00e4llor till obalans kan vara t\u00e5g, ljusb\u00e5gsugnar eller vridna transmissionsledningar.<\/p><h4 class=\"p1\">Konsekvenser<\/h4><p>Str\u00f6mmar i 0-ledare, uppv\u00e4rmning, verkningsgraden i 3-fasmotorer minskar, sp\u00e4nningsomriktare som matas med osymmetrisk sp\u00e4nning kan ge upphov till \u00f6vertoner.<\/p><h4>Kostnader<\/h4><p>Obalans medf\u00f6r maskinhaverier, f\u00f6rkortad livsl\u00e4ngd p\u00e5 maskiner, samt \u00f6kade energif\u00f6rluster mm. Kostnadsber\u00e4kningar f\u00f6r denna parameter saknas.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1356\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Flimmer<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1356\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1356\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><h4><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-581\" src=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.topborndev.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/flimmer-copy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/flimmer-copy.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/flimmer-copy-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/h4><h4>Flimmer<\/h4><p>Flimmer \u00e4r ett m\u00e5tt p\u00e5 fluktuationer (upprepade variationer) i sp\u00e4nningen, som resulterar i att lampor blinkar eller upplevs pulsera. Dessa fluktuationer uppst\u00e5r genom frekvent inkoppling och urkoppling av laster, ofta i kombination med ett svagt n\u00e4t.<\/p><h4>St\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor<\/h4><p>St\u00f6rk\u00e4llor som orsakar flimmer \u00e4r svetsar, ljusb\u00e5gsugnar, v\u00e4rmepumpar, induktionsh\u00e4llar, bilskrotsanl\u00e4ggningar, valsverk mm.<\/p><h4 class=\"p1\">Konsekvenser<\/h4><p>Vid h\u00f6ga flimmerhalter upplevs flimmer som psykiskt irriterande. Den breda utbyggnaden av v\u00e4rmepumpar har haft en stor p\u00e5verkan p\u00e5 antalet drabbade abonnenter. Vanligast \u00e4r dock att den enskilde abonnenten st\u00f6r sig sj\u00e4lv.<\/p><h4>Kostnader<\/h4><p>Framf\u00f6rallt drabbas hush\u00e5llskunder p\u00e5 svaga n\u00e4t. Den direkt ekonomiska p\u00e5verkan \u00e4r sv\u00e5r att ber\u00e4kna d\u00e5 sp\u00e4nningsspr\u00e5ng orsakar minskad produktivitet.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1357\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Sp\u00e4nningsspr\u00e5ng<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1357\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1357\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><h4><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-582\" src=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.topborndev.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningssprang-copy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningssprang-copy.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/spanningssprang-copy-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/h4><h4>Sp\u00e4nningsspr\u00e5ng (RVC \u2013 rapid voltage change)<\/h4><p>Sp\u00e4nningsspr\u00e5ng \u00e4r en parameter som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r att betrakta sp\u00e4nningsf\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar som \u00e4r st\u00f6rre \u00e4n 3 procent och mindre \u00e4n 10 procent. Detta har tillkommit som ett komplement till flimmer och sp\u00e4nningsdippar d\u00e4r dess ursprungliga syfte har varit att f\u00e5nga enstaka (ej cykliska) men vanligt f\u00f6rekommande st\u00f6rningar som ger upphov till blink i lamporna.<\/p><h4>St\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor<\/h4><p>Omkopplingar, start av motorer, svetsar, induktionsh\u00e4llar, mm.<\/p><h4 class=\"p1\">Konsekvenser<\/h4><p>Elektriskt \u00e4r konsekvenserna av sp\u00e4nningsspr\u00e5ng i regel sm\u00e5, d\u00e4remot s\u00e5 upplevs dessa, likt flimmer, som psykiskt p\u00e5frestande d\u00e5 dessa ger upphov till blink i lamporna.<\/p><h4>Kostnader<\/h4><p>Framf\u00f6rallt drabbas hush\u00e5llskunder p\u00e5 svaga n\u00e4t. Den direkt ekonomiska p\u00e5verkan \u00e4r sv\u00e5r att ber\u00e4kna d\u00e5 sp\u00e4nningsspr\u00e5ng orsakar minskad produktivitet.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1358\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Frekvensavvikelser<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1358\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1358\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><h4><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-583\" src=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.topborndev.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/frekvensstorning-copy.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"77\" srcset=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/frekvensstorning-copy.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/frekvensstorning-copy-18x9.jpeg 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/h4><h4>Frekvensavvikelser<\/h4><p>En typ av st\u00f6rning som har blivit allt mer uppm\u00e4rksammad p\u00e5 senare \u00e5r \u00e4r frekvensavvikelser. Detta speciellt sedan att man med vindkraft och v\u00e4rmekraftverk har f\u00e5tt en allt mer distribuerad generering, dvs utrustning med k\u00e4nsliga frekvensskydd. Om en st\u00f6rre last kopplas bort, alternativt en st\u00f6rre kraftanl\u00e4ggning abrupt faller ur uppst\u00e5r ett tillf\u00e4lligt \u00f6ver-, respektive underskott av energiproduktion i systemet som i sin tur st\u00f6r frekvensen. \u00c4ven om frekvensst\u00f6rningar i sig \u00e4r relativt ovanliga s\u00e5 blir konsekvensen desto mer omfattande n\u00e4r den v\u00e4l sker eftersom st\u00f6rningen sl\u00e5r igenom i hela eln\u00e4tet. 1 december 2005 kunde man tydligt se hur en st\u00f6rning i Norrland slog igenom i hela landet med omfattande konsekvenser f\u00f6r s\u00e5v\u00e4l Sverige som Norge.<\/p><h4>St\u00f6rningsk\u00e4llor<\/h4><p>Frekvensst\u00f6rning uppst\u00e5r vid abrupt bortkoppling av st\u00f6rre kraftgenerering, exempelvis n\u00e4r st\u00f6rre vattenkraft- eller k\u00e4rnkraftanl\u00e4ggning faller ur.<\/p><h4 class=\"p1\">Konsekvenser<\/h4><p>Motorer och generatorer med frekvensskydd riskerar att kopplas bort. Viktigt \u00e4r att frekvensskydden f\u00f6r utrustningen \u00e4r korrekt st\u00e4llda utifr\u00e5n de frekvensavvikelser som f\u00f6rekommer i n\u00e4tet och de krav som utrustningen i sig har. Speciellt v\u00e4rmekraftverk har visat sig k\u00e4nsliga f\u00f6r denna typ av st\u00f6rning.<\/p><h4>Kostnader<\/h4><p>Kostnadsbr\u00e4kningar f\u00f6r denna parameter saknas.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7806010 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7806010\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-975eaae\" data-id=\"975eaae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbacec2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"fbacec2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"407\" class=\"elementor elementor-407\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ac3925f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ac3925f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1065969\" data-id=\"1065969\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f4971cd elementor-cta--layout-image-right elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-cta--skin-classic elementor-animated-content elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action\" data-id=\"1f4971cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"call-to-action.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTveka inte att kontakta oss!\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__description elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tL\u00e5t oss bli din energikvalitetspartner. Kontakta oss p\u00e5 Unipower och l\u00e5t oss hj\u00e4lpa dig att n\u00e5 dina str\u00f6mkvalitets- och \u00f6vervakningsm\u00e5l.\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-cta__button-wrapper elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-cta__button elementor-button elementor-size-\" href=\"https:\/\/unipower-se.tbwebsite.com\/sv\/kontakt\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tKontakta oss\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>About power quality Power quality is a generic term for disturbance-free electricity supply. Deviation from voltage sinusoidal waveform (50 Hz), which may result in equipment being disturbed or damaged, is to be regarded as a power quality disturbance. This means that the more sensitive equipment you connect to the grid, the higher should your demands [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-23","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>About power quality - Disturbances, sources, costs - Unipower AB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Power quality is a generic term for disturbance-free electricity supply. An overview of disturbances in the grid. 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